VB.Net – 类和对象
VB.Net – 类和对象
当你定义一个类时,你定义了一个数据类型的蓝图。这实际上并没有定义任何数据,但它确实定义了类名的含义,即类的对象将包含什么以及可以对这样的对象执行哪些操作。
对象是类的实例。构成类的方法和变量称为类的成员。
类定义
类定义以关键字Class开头,后跟类名;和类主体,以 End Class 语句结束。以下是类定义的一般形式 –
[ <attributelist> ] [ accessmodifier ] [ Shadows ] [ MustInherit | NotInheritable ] [ Partial ] _ Class name [ ( Of typelist ) ] [ Inherits classname ] [ Implements interfacenames ] [ statements ] End Class
在哪里,
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attributelist是适用于类的属性列表。可选的。
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accessmodifier定义了类的访问级别,它具有以下值:Public、Protected、Friend、Protected Friend 和 Private。可选的。
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阴影表示该变量在基类中重新声明并隐藏了同名元素或重载元素集。可选的。
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MustInherit指定该类只能用作基类,不能直接从它创建对象,即抽象类。可选的。
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NotInheritable指定该类不能用作基类。
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Partial表示类的部分定义。
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Inherits指定它继承的基类。
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实现指定类继承自的接口。
以下示例演示了一个 Box 类,具有三个数据成员,长度、宽度和高度 –
Module mybox
Class Box
Public length As Double ' Length of a box
Public breadth As Double ' Breadth of a box
Public height As Double ' Height of a box
End Class
Sub Main()
Dim Box1 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box1 of type Box
Dim Box2 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box2 of type Box
Dim volume As Double = 0.0 ' Store the volume of a box here
' box 1 specification
Box1.height = 5.0
Box1.length = 6.0
Box1.breadth = 7.0
' box 2 specification
Box2.height = 10.0
Box2.length = 12.0
Box2.breadth = 13.0
'volume of box 1
volume = Box1.height * Box1.length * Box1.breadth
Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box1 : {0}", volume)
'volume of box 2
volume = Box2.height * Box2.length * Box2.breadth
Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box2 : {0}", volume)
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Module
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Volume of Box1 : 210 Volume of Box2 : 1560
成员函数和封装
类的成员函数是在类定义中具有其定义或原型的函数,就像任何其他变量一样。它对它所属的类的任何对象进行操作,并且可以访问该对象的类的所有成员。
成员变量是对象的属性(从设计角度来看),它们是私有的以实现封装。这些变量只能使用公共成员函数访问。
让我们把上面的概念放在一个类中设置和获取不同类成员的值 –
Module mybox
Class Box
Public length As Double ' Length of a box
Public breadth As Double ' Breadth of a box
Public height As Double ' Height of a box
Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double)
length = len
End Sub
Public Sub setBreadth(ByVal bre As Double)
breadth = bre
End Sub
Public Sub setHeight(ByVal hei As Double)
height = hei
End Sub
Public Function getVolume() As Double
Return length * breadth * height
End Function
End Class
Sub Main()
Dim Box1 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box1 of type Box
Dim Box2 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box2 of type Box
Dim volume As Double = 0.0 ' Store the volume of a box here
' box 1 specification
Box1.setLength(6.0)
Box1.setBreadth(7.0)
Box1.setHeight(5.0)
'box 2 specification
Box2.setLength(12.0)
Box2.setBreadth(13.0)
Box2.setHeight(10.0)
' volume of box 1
volume = Box1.getVolume()
Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box1 : {0}", volume)
'volume of box 2
volume = Box2.getVolume()
Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box2 : {0}", volume)
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Module
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Volume of Box1 : 210 Volume of Box2 : 1560
构造函数和析构函数
类构造函数是类的特殊成员 Sub,每当我们创建该类的新对象时都会执行该成员。构造函数的名称为New,它没有任何返回类型。
以下程序解释了构造函数的概念 –
Class Line
Private length As Double ' Length of a line
Public Sub New() 'constructor
Console.WriteLine("Object is being created")
End Sub
Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double)
length = len
End Sub
Public Function getLength() As Double
Return length
End Function
Shared Sub Main()
Dim line As Line = New Line()
'set line length
line.setLength(6.0)
Console.WriteLine("Length of line : {0}", line.getLength())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Object is being created Length of line : 6
默认构造函数没有任何参数,但如果需要,构造函数可以有参数。这种构造函数称为参数化构造函数。此技术可帮助您在创建对象时为其分配初始值,如下例所示 –
Class Line
Private length As Double ' Length of a line
Public Sub New(ByVal len As Double) 'parameterised constructor
Console.WriteLine("Object is being created, length = {0}", len)
length = len
End Sub
Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double)
length = len
End Sub
Public Function getLength() As Double
Return length
End Function
Shared Sub Main()
Dim line As Line = New Line(10.0)
Console.WriteLine("Length of line set by constructor : {0}", line.getLength())
'set line length
line.setLength(6.0)
Console.WriteLine("Length of line set by setLength : {0}", line.getLength())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Object is being created, length = 10 Length of line set by constructor : 10 Length of line set by setLength : 6
甲析构函数是每当它的类的对象进入的范围之时执行的类的特殊成员子。
一个析构函数的名称为最终确定,它可以既不返回一个值,也不能采取任何参数。析构函数对于在退出程序之前释放资源非常有用,例如关闭文件、释放内存等。
析构函数不能被继承或重载。
以下示例解释了析构函数的概念 –
Class Line
Private length As Double ' Length of a line
Public Sub New() 'parameterised constructor
Console.WriteLine("Object is being created")
End Sub
Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() ' destructor
Console.WriteLine("Object is being deleted")
End Sub
Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double)
length = len
End Sub
Public Function getLength() As Double
Return length
End Function
Shared Sub Main()
Dim line As Line = New Line()
'set line length
line.setLength(6.0)
Console.WriteLine("Length of line : {0}", line.getLength())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Object is being created Length of line : 6 Object is being deleted
VB.Net 类的共享成员
我们可以使用 Shared 关键字将类成员定义为静态成员。当我们将类的成员声明为 Shared 时,意味着无论创建了多少个类的对象,该成员都只有一个副本。
关键字Shared意味着一个类只存在成员的一个实例。共享变量用于定义常量,因为它们的值可以通过调用类而不创建它的实例来检索。
共享变量可以在成员函数或类定义之外初始化。您还可以在类定义中初始化共享变量。
您还可以将成员函数声明为 Shared。此类函数只能访问共享变量。共享函数甚至在创建对象之前就存在。
以下示例演示了共享成员的使用 –
Class StaticVar
Public Shared num As Integer
Public Sub count()
num = num + 1
End Sub
Public Shared Function getNum() As Integer
Return num
End Function
Shared Sub Main()
Dim s As StaticVar = New StaticVar()
s.count()
s.count()
s.count()
Console.WriteLine("Value of variable num: {0}", StaticVar.getNum())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Value of variable num: 3
遗产
面向对象编程中最重要的概念之一是继承。继承允许我们根据另一个类来定义一个类,这使得创建和维护应用程序更容易。这也提供了重用代码功能和快速实现时间的机会。
创建类时,程序员可以指定新类应继承现有类的成员,而不是编写全新的数据成员和成员函数。这个现有类称为基类,新类称为派生类。
基类和派生类
一个类可以派生自多个类或接口,这意味着它可以从多个基类或接口继承数据和函数。
VB.Net 中用于创建派生类的语法如下 –
<access-specifier> Class <base_class> ... End Class Class <derived_class>: Inherits <base_class> ... End Class
考虑一个基类 Shape 及其派生类 Rectangle –
' Base class
Class Shape
Protected width As Integer
Protected height As Integer
Public Sub setWidth(ByVal w As Integer)
width = w
End Sub
Public Sub setHeight(ByVal h As Integer)
height = h
End Sub
End Class
' Derived class
Class Rectangle : Inherits Shape
Public Function getArea() As Integer
Return (width * height)
End Function
End Class
Class RectangleTester
Shared Sub Main()
Dim rect As Rectangle = New Rectangle()
rect.setWidth(5)
rect.setHeight(7)
' Print the area of the object.
Console.WriteLine("Total area: {0}", rect.getArea())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Total area: 35
基类初始化
派生类继承了基类的成员变量和成员方法。因此,应在创建子类之前创建超类对象。超类或基类在 VB.Net 中隐式称为MyBase
以下程序演示了这一点 –
' Base class
Class Rectangle
Protected width As Double
Protected length As Double
Public Sub New(ByVal l As Double, ByVal w As Double)
length = l
width = w
End Sub
Public Function GetArea() As Double
Return (width * length)
End Function
Public Overridable Sub Display()
Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length)
Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width)
Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea())
End Sub
'end class Rectangle
End Class
'Derived class
Class Tabletop : Inherits Rectangle
Private cost As Double
Public Sub New(ByVal l As Double, ByVal w As Double)
MyBase.New(l, w)
End Sub
Public Function GetCost() As Double
Dim cost As Double
cost = GetArea() * 70
Return cost
End Function
Public Overrides Sub Display()
MyBase.Display()
Console.WriteLine("Cost: {0}", GetCost())
End Sub
'end class Tabletop
End Class
Class RectangleTester
Shared Sub Main()
Dim t As Tabletop = New Tabletop(4.5, 7.5)
t.Display()
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果 –
Length: 4.5 Width: 7.5 Area: 33.75 Cost: 2362.5
VB.Net 支持多重继承。